Concerned Residents of South Phoenix

CRSP became involved directly at the area affected on 16th Street and Roeser. This sits approximately 13 minutes by car from downtown Phoenix (photo by Elenia Sotelo).

Newspaper clippings (retrieved from www.dontwastearizona.org)

6205 S. 12th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004

Concerned Residents of South Phoenix (CRSP) is a community based group that was organized as a result of a toxic chemical fire in south Phoenix. On August 1992, a large facility named Quality Printing Circuit became engulfed in flames on the corner of 16^th street and Roeser in south Phoenix, (Brittle, 2008). After the incident, nothing was immediately done to inform residents of the dangers of the event that had occurred. Soon after, illness spread through the community in the forms of rashes, hair loss, heart complications, and respiratory difficulties, among other health concerns. The residents of this area were predominantly African-American and Hispanic and of low-income socioeconomic status (Brittle, 2008). Not being able to individually get answers, community members joined together to form CRSP.

Environmental racism was their primary agenda item. CRSP quickly organized to demand medical assistance in their path of wanting their health restored. As a member of CRSP and a resident of the area, Angel Torrez knew first-hand the issues that the toxic fire posed on his community and decided to become involved. He and many other community residents began protests at the state capital and held community group meetings in order to gain attention from local and statewide representatives (Torrez, 2010).

The United States Environmental Protection Agency granted federal funding to assist the south Phoenix residents that were affected by the chemicals. They were granted federal monies to produce and distribute community newsletters and hold community meetings to keep residents informed on any updated information (Chin, 1997). The funding also assisted with properly decontaminating homes in the area that had been affected by the chemicals. This included checking homes for toxic particles and various types of molds growing that caused health issues. In 2000, the residents of south Phoenix were on a successful path on gaining the environmental justice they fought for.

- Elenia Sotelo, Susie Haslett, and Tomas Robles

Sources:

Chin, Willard. 1997. Don't Waste Arizona/Concerned Residents of South Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

            Environmental Justice Small Grants Program. Purdue Research Foundation.

Brittle, Stephen M. 2008. Victims of 1992 Toxic Fire STILL Need Medical Help and a Decontamination of Their Homes. Don’t Waste Arizona, Inc.www.dontwastearizona.org

Torrez, Angel. 2010. Biography/About Angel Torres. Angel Torres: Green Party candidate for State Representative--Legislative District 16. www.angeltorrez.org.

South Mountain Flower Group

Baseline Flowers. Owner is an original South Mountain flower grower, April 2011 (photo by Pua Pedrina)

40th and Baseline. Present-day South Mountain Flower area, April 2011 (photo by Pua Pedrina)

3801 E. Baseline Road, Phoenix, AZ

The Japanese American Flower Group was a small organization of flower growers that gardened in Phoenix Arizona. According to the 1921 Arizona Alien land law, Japanese Americans were able to lease land up to 5 years, but not own land.[1] As a result, at a location in Phoenix there were many Japanese families that grew flowers. They raised flowers in Arizona for 60 years and when they were in bloom, the flower gardens drew major popular attraction from the period of 1950 to 1975. The garden stretched from Baseline Rd. to 48^th Street to 32^nd Street located in Phoenix, Arizona. There were several families that gardened in Phoenix that included: Baijiro "Ben" Nakagawa family, Hajime Nakamura family, Ken Sakato family, Sat Iwakoshi family, Watanabe family, Yukio Maruyama family. The Tanita family and Tadano family also farmed in Phoenix for a short period.

The first of the Japanese flower growers was Kajiuro Kishiyama who started growing vegetables in Arizona in 1928. He started to grow produce near 40th Street and Baseline and experimented with flowers in 1936. The Nakagawa’s who were located in the camps in Poston, started growing flowers after WWII at the foot of South Mountain. During the height of the flower gardens, you could drive from 40th street and Baseline west toward central and be surrounded by flowers.

According to Kathy Nakagawa, there was a great deal of anti-Asian sentiment--especially during and following the war. When the attack on Pearl Harbor hit, the United States Government established a concentration camp called Poston in Arizona that housed 100,00 Japanese Americans.[2] Mae M. Ngai explains that the U.S. didn’t strip Japanese citizenship, but it nullified their citizenship on the grounds of racial difference.[3] This affected access to some resources (Kathy points our that her grandfather had difficulty getting medical treatment) and purchasing land. However, there were also many in Arizona who were supportive and helped my dad and other Japanese Americans.

Kathy Nakagawa indicates that now the area is primarily housing developments. Some names are reminders of the previous history (e.g. Blossom Hills, The Gardens). More over, there’s still a connection to the Japanese flower growers- Kathy Nakagawa’s father owns a flower shop called the Baseline Flower Growers and it’s located at 3801 E. Baseline Road. Nick Nakagawa still has the wholesale/retail flower shop on Baseline, which sells flowers shipped in from various areas. Kajiuro's son, George Kishiyama, is still growing flowers there today and George also maintains a flower stand at the same location as well as Sakato.

- Jimaya Gomez and Pua Pedrina

 

---

[1] Vince Murray & Scott Solliday, City of Phoenix, Asian American Hostoric Property Survey, April 24, 2011, http://azhistory.net/aahps/index.php (April 24, 2011).

[2] William S. Murphy, “Japanese American Concentration Camp,” Los Angeles Times (July, 23, 1972), p. U57

[3] Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), p 175.

Sources:

Murphy, William, S. “Japanese-American Concentration Camp” Los Angeles Times (July, 23, 1972), p.U57

Nagi, Mae, M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. 

Asian SunNews, Asian Chamber of Commerce Web Page. April 9, 2011, http://www.asianchamber.org/viewArticle.php?articleId=112 (April 23, 2011).

Murray, V., Solliday, S, City of Phoenix, Asian American Historic Property Survey.

April 24, 2011, http://azhistory.net/aahps/index.php (April 24, 2011). 

Tempe Town Lake

Tempe Town Lake, a man-made lake, January 2010 (photo by Pua Pedrina)

Rail bridge over Tempe Town Lake, January 2010 (photo by Pua Pedrina)

 South Rural Rd and East Rio Salado Pkwy, Tempe, AZ

Tempe Town Lake is the second-most visited attraction of Arizona.  This man-made lake has 220-acres of beautiful, imported water accompanied by 5.5 miles of park.  Tempe Town Lake has become home to commercial and residential projects such as condominiums, town homes and business buildings.  It is also home to the Tempe Center of the Arts and the light-rail bridge.  With over 2.3 million annual visitors, this spot is definitely one you should see if passing through Phoenix, Arizona.

Tempe Town Lake started in 1966 with the Rio Salado Master Plan as a challenge by a professor to the students of Arizona State University’s College of Architecture.  The Rio Salado Master Plan was a concept of a town lake with areas of land along the proposed chain of lakes and ground water area to include wildlife habitat sanctuaries, parks, recreation and commercial development.  According to Tempe’s government webpage, the Project is a series of locks and channels creating an inland seaport in the desert designed to keep people safe, create recreation opportunities, remove land from flood restrictions, and stimulate economic development.

Most of the funding for Tempe Town lake was drawn from public and private partnerships, federal and state grants, and Rio Salado Community Facilities District.  Property owners in the district pay an annual assessment for the lakes $47 million construction, operations cost, and maintenance.  However, the purchasing of the water brought controversy onto the city of Tempe.  Water to fill Tempe Town Lake was from the Colorado River by the Central Arizona Project.  The cost for this was about $250,000.  This fact did not go over well with the residents and natives of Tempe.  With the drought and being located in the middle of the desert, natives believed the water, a scarce resource, could have been used more wisely.

Regardless of civilian opposition, requests for bids for the lake construction were sent out on March 19, 1997.  The city awarded contracts for construction of the lake on June 12, 1997.  Water from the Central Arizona Project started flowing into Tempe Town Lake on June 2, 1999, and by July 14, the lake was declared full.  On November 7, 1999, Tempe Town Lake was opened to the public.

Present day, the debate still goes on that Arizona’s water could be better used for.  With the drainage of Tempe Town Lake on July 20, 2010 due to a busted inflatable on the west side of the damn, voices rise up once again claiming that “water is too valuable for Arizonans enduring a record drought to expend on rebuilding a massive artificial lake in the desert.”  According to Dianna Náñez from the Arizona Republic, “Tempe will pay $50,000 to refill Town Lake with Roosevelt Lake water, compared with the $383,000 the city would have paid if it had to purchase water from the Central Arizona Project, which draws water from the Colorado River.”  This again, demonstrates the ongoing struggle native Arizonans have in getting their voices heard and the constant oppression from the Arizona government.

- Pua Pedrina and Jimaya Gomez

Sources

Eschenfelder, P.  US Air Line Pilots Association.  International Bird Strike Committee.  (2000).  Phoenix Rio Salado/Tempe Town Lake.  (ISBCBC/25AV).  Amsterdam:  Retrieved from http://www.int-birdstrike.org/Amsterdam_Papers/IBSC25%20WPAV1.pdf.

Historic timeline.  Retrieved from http://www.tempe.gov/lake/LakeHistory/timlin.htm.

Honker, A. M. (2002). A river sometimes runs through it: A history of salt river flooding and phoenix. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , n/a. Retrieved from http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/304788105?accountid=4485.

Náñez, Dianna.  (2010).  Tempe town lake can be refilled with stored water.  AZ Central.  Retrieved from http://www.azcentral.com/community/tempe/articles/2010/08/20/20100820tempe-town-lake-water-fill.html.

Nyren, R.  (2006).  Public/Private Prosperity.  Urban Land, Retrieved From http://www.olivermcmillan.com/pdf/WhatsNewULI_090206.pdf.

Tempe town lake: when a lake is a river.  Retrieved from http://www.tempe.gov/lake/dam%20replacement%20presentation.pdf

 

Lee Lee Oriental Supermarket

Lee Lee Oriental Supermarket, April 2011 (photo by Jimaya Gomez)

2075 N Dobson Rd, Chandler

 http://www.leeleesupermarket.com/

            By the 1950’s there were a number of Chinese-owned grocery stores in Phoenix, AZ that reached up to 200 grocery stores.[1] Now, Leelee’s Oriental Supermarket is one of only 10 Asian Supermarkets that are located in the Phoenix area. Leelee’s is located the Northeast corner of Dobson and Warner Rd in Chandler, Arizona and it is the largest international food market in Arizona. The Supermarket carries foods that’s categorized in the following sections: Thai, Lao, and Cambodian, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Middle East, South America, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Jamaica, and the Caribbean, Philippines Indonesia, Holland, Malaysia, and Singapore, and Japan Korea, China, and Vietnam.I picked this location because Chandler has always had a large amount of Asian Americans, and I’ve always wondered why there’s so many in this area.

Chandler has a growing population of Asian American’s in the area and it is on the rise for the Asian-American community due to a technology business expansions. [2] According to the 2010 U.S. census data, the percentage of Asian people in Chandler has nearly doubled from 4.3 percent in 2000 to 8.2 percent in 2010.[3] That increase was the largest among any ethnic group in the city. Because of this increase in Asian-American population, a place like LeeLee’s supermarket in Chandler is sure to stay open and successful.

This area depicts inequality and white privilege because of the location is in the Southern part of Maricopa County. This site of inequality is a reminder to discussions, readings, and the movie Chinatown that was watched during week 9 in class. Suburbanization has been happening since colonization started, there has been a profound presence of whiteness, which has created non-whites to live in suburbanized areas. The documentary that showed Levitt Town gave a primary example of institutional segregation; white people stay with the whites, and the Latino’s, Asian Americans do as well and that’s why there are places like Chinatown.  Wei Li mentions reinforces this because she explains that there are pre-existing ethnic neighborhoods and networks that can attract people of different diversities to areas like Little Tokyo, Chinatown, and the Latino barrios in East Los Angeles.[4] In this case, there is the area of Chandler, AZ that holds a prevalent community of Asian Americans that live there because of employment/business opportunities as well as public markets like Leelee’s.

There is a connection that is still prevalent amongst Asian American Supermarkets in Phoenix. They’ve existed for a long time and are still here to serve the Asian American communities., regardless of businesses or expansions. There has been a substantial amount of Asian Americans have lived and will continue to live in Chandler.

- Jimaya Gomez and Pua Pedrina

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[1] City of Phoenix, Asian American Historic Property Survey.

[2] Weldon B. Johnson, Chandler Proving to be a Mecca for Asians in Arizona, April 09, 2011 http://www.azcentral.com/community/chandler/articles/2011/03/16/20110316chandler-census-asian-population-growth0316.html#ixzz1J4m3kSY2, (April 24, 2011).

[3] Census

[4] Wei Li

Sources

Johnson, Weldon, B., Chandler Proving to be a Mecca for Asians in Arizona, AZ Central.com. April 9, 2011, http://www.azcentral.com/community/chandler/articles/2011/03/16/20110316chandler-census-asian-population-growth0316.html#ixzz1J4m3kSY2 (April 24, 2011).

Census Bureau:

http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/

Li, Wei. “Spatial Transformation of an Urban Ethnic Community: From Chinatown to Ethnoburb in Los Angeles” (in Li, ed., From Urban Enclave, to Ethnic Suburb: New Aisan Communities in Pacific Rim Communities, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006, pp74-94)

Murray, V., Solliday, S, City of Phoenix, Asian American Historic Property Survey.

April 24, 2011, http://azhistory.net/aahps/index.php (April 24, 2011).        

 

Hayden Butte (A Mountain)

A Mountain and the Hayden flour mill, date unknown (photo by Paolo Vescia)

A Mountain and the ASU football stadium, date unknown (courtesy of Tim Trumble and ASU)

Students working on A Mountain, 1940 (courtesy of Tim Trumble and ASU)

Located just south of Rio Salado Parkway between Mill Ave and Rural Dr. in Tempe, AZ

                    Tempe A-Mountain also known as Tempe Butte or Hayden Butte is located at the beginning of the Mill Avenue district next to Sun Devil Stadium on Mill Ave. and 5th St. and is one of the most significant trademarks of the Arizona State University campus.  The significance of A-Mountain is major because it gives the ASU students something to be proud of, even though not much history of the Butte is given to the students about the history of their prized possession.  Tempe Butte or Hayden Butte got its name from Charles Trumbull Hayden, a pioneer who is said to be the founder of Tempe in the mid 1800’s. Before then it is said that the area had been settled by the Hohokam people as well as the San Pablo people in the early 1800’s and many of their artifacts have been found on the butte as well as around it.  A- Mountain is also significant because just to the north of it is the Salt River, which was a big source of importing and exporting in the early 1800’s.  The Salt River was dammed to form Tempe Town Lake in later years.  The Hayden Flour Mill is also located on A-Mountain which is the oldest used industrial site in the Salt River Valley.  The first original Mill and the second one were burned down and the one you see at the foot of the mountain now was built in 1918 and is kept with its original integrity and only has been slightly modified to fit the accommodate the recent building around the butte.  

                   The original letter that was put on the mountain was a “N” for the first school that was established in Tempe known as the Tempe Normal School and then was changed in 1925 to a “T” when the school changed its name to Arizona State Teacher’s College and finally in 1938 the “T” was changed to an “A”.  Even though the history of the Butte is not recognized on regular bases, the students at ASU take much pride in their beloved A-Mountain and also have made traditions with the “A” by changing it to different colors as well as guarding it from rival schools from painting it their schools colors.  A-Mountain is significant because it signifies the pride that the city of Tempe has for its beloved University.  A-Mountain is an example of America’s manifest destiny.  The land was once settled by the Hohokam and San Pablo people, but was but became the property of Charles Hayden when he put a claim on it.  Therefore the recognition was taken from the people who settled the land before the claim of Tempe or Hayden Butte was placed on it.  These days Hayden Butte is preserved by ASU and the city of Tempe. During the year ASU takes students atop of A-mountain to paint the “A” different colors to represent different meanings.  Also, trails have been placed going up the mountain for the community to enjoy and view the mountain.

 - Travis Simpson, Jr., Devon Veater, and Seth Fawcett

References

Gomez, Laura E., Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race (New York: NYU Press, 2008)

http://www.tempe.gov/parks/parks/hayden%20butte.htm

The Vue and surrounding area

The Vue with liquor store in foreground, April 2011 (photo by Seth Fawcett)

Surrounding apartments near the Vue, April 2011 (photo by Seth Fawcett)

The Vue in background with Mexican market in foreground, April 2011 (photo by Seth Fawcett)

922 East Apache Boulevard, Tempe, AZ 85281           

            Heading east down Lemon Street towards the Arizona State campus, the residencies are characterized by small, blocky apartment complexes and empty lots sectioned off by rows of fencing.  One complex, named “Fiesta Park” often has children in the front yard or men playing guitars and singing in Spanish.  Past “Fiesta Park” Lemon intersects with Terrace Road and the light rail passes through Terrace, splitting the road in two.  Across the intersection, a small strip mall sits to the left, featuring El Paisano Mercado, a small Spanish market.

            Towering above these complexes to the Southeast, the Vue on Apache looms overhead like a monument to its own opulence.  Beginning construction in May 2008, the swank high-rise was a $32 million dollar project undertaken by Nelson Construction and finished in August 2009 (Nelson).  The Vue caters to Arizona State students, with individual leases starting at $630/a month per person up to $1,060/a month depending on the apartment layout (and not including the $500 dollar deposit).  Amenities include LCD TVs in every apartment, tanning beds and a steam room.

            By comparison, Cortez Palms Apartments, one of the structures along Lemon, and less than a mile from the Vue has rates starting at $549/a month that plateau at $699/a month (CampusPointe).  Needless to say , the Vue is a vast departure from the smaller, older, cheaper apartments that surround it.  The disparity between the living arrangements in such close proximity to each other indicates certain ethnic and socioeconomic boundaries that influence the spatialization of residents in the area.

            This is both a social function as well as a legal or governmental one.  “Although social categories are ultimately constructed and maintained by individuals within their own minds, the process by which boundaries are expressed is ultimately social. Group identities and boundaries are negotiated through repeated interactions that establish working definitions of the categories in question, including both objective and subjective content, a process that sociologists have labeled boundary work” (Massey).     Whereas students spending upwards of $75,000 dollars for a 4 year education at Arizona State can afford the luxury of a place like the Vue, the local population in surrounding areas are relegated to the likes of “Fiesta Park” and Cortez Palms. 

            Certain legal discrepancies could also contribute to the disparity in housing.   “Laws preventing the legal recognition of minorities have been cited to explain increasing patterns of ethnic clustering in suburban public housing estates.  In the US, Supreme Court cases opened the housing market to non-Whites, yet local institutions and norms—such as mortgage and insurance discrimination by the public and private sectors—reduced the ability of minorities to purchase homes in White neighbourhoods” (Urban Studies).

            Indeed, certain processes of the legal system have proven to lend privilege to whites while disenfranchising Hispanics and other people of color.  A 2008 study of the juvenile courts in Arizona “examined how race/ethnicity and community disadvantage influenced diversion, petition, detention, adjudication, and disposition decisions throughout the State”.  The study found “that racial and ethnic disparities continue to exist in juvenile courts. The disparities were found, not only in the front-end court processes, such as diversion, but they were also prevalent in back-end process”.  Also, “Hispanic/Latinos…were treated more severely in juvenile court outcomes than their White counterparts” and “juveniles from disadvantaged communities were treated more harshly than juveniles not from disadvantaged communities” (Rodriguez).

These disparities could help explain the divergence between the ethnic and economic spatialization of the area around the Vue, as well as all of Arizona.  By encouraging racial and economic clustering both socially and legally, one can account for the existence of a massive, opulent structure full of wealthy residents like the Vue amidst the comparatively poor, ethnic area that surrounds it.

- Seth Fawcett, Travis Simpson, Jr., and Devon Veater

References

Massey, Douglas S. "The Racialization of Mexicans in the United States." Racial Stratification in Theory and Practice. Fall 2008. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.

Rodriguez, Nancy. "Multilevel Analysis of Juvenile Court Processes: The Importance of Community Characteristics." National Criminal Justice Reference Service. June 2008. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. <http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=245386>.

Web. 25 Apr. 2011. <http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=245386>.

http://www.nelsonconstruct.com/campus.html

http://www.campuspointeapartments.com/8/Tempe-AZ-Students-for-Rent/

York, Abigail M., Michael E. Smith, Benjamin W. Stanley, Barbara L. Stark, Juliana Novic, Sharon L. Harlan, George L. Cowgill, and Christopher G. Boone. "Ethnic and Class Clustering through the Ages." Urban Studies. 13 Dec. 2010. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.

Food City

Food City storefront, April 2011 (photo by Seth Fawcett)

Food City storefront, April 2011 (photo by Seth Fawcett)

1338 East Apache Boulevard, Tempe, AZ 85281           

            On Apache Boulevard, in between McClintock Drive and Rural Road, a Food City supermarket sits in a small strip mall next to a laundromat and a dollar store.  Food City, a subsidiary to Bashas grocery stores, has historically catered to Hispanic shoppers, hence the large display signs featuring products in Spanish, and the Latino newspapers and magazines found outside.  Advertisements broadcast over the stores speakers are entirely in Spanish and tejano or mariachi music replaces the elevator music one would hear in a Safeway. 

            Recently, in 2009, Bashas filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (Jarman) and announced it would be closing several stores, including three Food City locations.  An article in the Arizona Republic cited the filings and closing as an indicator of Latino flight from Arizona, “The business difficulties represent a remarkable reversal from just a few years ago, when businesses were rushing to Arizona to cash in on the booming Latino market, said Loui Olivas, a retired business-management professor and assistant vice president at Arizona State University.  He writes the annual Datos report that tracks the Latino market in Arizona. The purchasing power of Latinos in Arizona grew steadily every year, from nearly $5.5 billion in 1990 to $28 billion in 2007, the most recent report showed. Olivas expects the new report, due in November, to show that the rate of the group's purchasing power is growing at a much smaller pace because of the exodus of the undocumented Latino population and the economic downturn”.  The article continues by quoting a business owner in the area, “‘A lot of people are closing or downsizing. It's because of no customers,’ said Maria Sierra, 55, who owns a store that sells craft supplies. After 25 years in the mall, she moved to a smaller space earlier this year because sales had plummeted.  "Most of the comments from my customers is that they have lost their jobs or their relatives were deported," she said” (Gonzalez).

SB 1070, the most stringent immigration law to date, is the catalyst for this depreciation of Latino economic output.  In describing the need for the bill’s passage, Arizona senator Russell Pearce states, “The border can be secured.  We have the technology; we have the ability to stop this invasion.  We must  know who is coming and they must come in legally so  that we can assimilate them into our population and protect  the sovereignty of our country” (Pearce).  It seems as though since its passage, SB 1070 has not only “stopped the invasion”, but incited an exodus.

More and more immigrants face the threat of detention and deportation with the implementation of SB 1070.  “According to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), approximately 308,000 immigrants were detained in 2009. This number is expected to grow significantly in view of the increase of 287(g) agreements that allow local law enforcement to arrest and detain persons suspected of immigration violation” (London).  Naturally, this would lead to a smaller market for stores like Food City that cater to Latino customers.   

While the economy continues to languish, the increased enforcement of illegal immigration yields negative consequences, like the closing of businesses like Food City and Bashas.  A 2008 study on the economic impact of amplified immigration law (in the wake of the Legal Arizona Workers Act) concluded “Sectors with significant non‐citizen foreign born workforces have been hard hit. This is likely to have reduced employment among foreign‐born non‐citizens and undocumented immigrants” (LAWA).  This came prior to the implementation of SB 1070, which will undoubtedly have a continued effect on the immigrant population and subsequently the economy.

              The Food City on Apache may not be there, or anywhere for much longer.  Two buildings connected to the store in the strip mall are empty and available for lease or rent.  With the continued prosecution and removal of Hispanics from the area, this Food City may soon meet the same fate as its defunct neighbors and sister stores. 

- Seth Fawcett, Travis Simpson, Jr., and Devon Veater
 

References

Gans, Judith. "Arizona's Economy and the Legal Arizona Workers Act." The Communications Institute. University of Arizona/Arizona State University, 11 Dec. 2008. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.

Gonzalez, Daniel. "Food City Closings Reflect Dwindling Latino Population." Arizona Local News - Phoenix Arizona News - Phoenix Breaking News - Azcentral.com. 15 July 2009. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. <http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2009/07/15/20090715foodcity0715.html>.

Jarman, Max. "Bashas' Files for Bankruptcy Protection; 10 Stores to Close." Arizona Local News - Phoenix Arizona News - Phoenix Breaking News - Azcentral.com. 13 July 2009. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. <http://www.azcentral.com/business/articles/2009/07/13/20090713biz-bashas0713-ON.html>.

London, Judy. "Immigration Policy from 2010 to 2020." Aztlan: A Journal of Chicano Studies. University of California Regents, Fall 2010. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.

Pearce, Russell. "Arizona Takes the Lead on Illegal Immigration Enforcement." The Social Contract. Summer 2010. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.